Telegram’s battle with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission became one of the most closely followed legal dramas of the crypto space in 2019. This was not only because it appeared to be the first time the Durov brothers’ relentless expansion faltered but also because the court case could have lasting implications for future fintech projects around the world.
Although an initial court decision seemed to have allowed Telegram to maneuver around the request by the SEC to provide the company’s banking records, that decision has since been reversed. Telegram, however, confirmed that it would comply and issue the records — although most likely in a redacted form — by Jan. 15, even though the deadline is in late February.
The issue at hand
Aside from the impact that Telegram winning its legal case with the SEC could have on future approval for crypto-related projects in the United States, the battle between regulators and Telegram takes place against the backdrop of seismic changes within the industry.
The catalyst for such rapid change took place in late 2019, when Facebook announced its ambitious stablecoin project, Libra. The shockwaves from Libra were felt immediately across the industry, with Bitcoin prices erupting from slumber and skyrocketing over $10,000 for the first time since 2017.
Since then, Chinese President Xi Jinping made a landmark statement that championed the development of blockchain technology in the country. The Chinese central bank’s digital currency initiative went into overdrive, which many saw as both an indication of the government’s softening stance toward cryptocurrencies as well as a glaring example of the potential implications of Facebook’s Libra on the monetary policy of sovereign states.
For a short while, it looked like a frenzied scramble was taking place to take pole position in a rapidly developing sphere of influence not seen before in finance or politics. The Telegram Open Network, or TON, fueled by its own in-house cryptocurrency, Gram, aimed to be the very first token-backed product for mainstream use.
Due in part to Facebook’s presence at the forefront of public consciousness and its billions of users, Libra’s launch appears to have flown too close to the sun. The Durov brothers had the lead — but not for long.
The question stands
Telegram’s entrance into the cryptocurrency world began in earnest with a mammoth $1.7 billion sales round in February 2018. The crux of the SEC’s dispute with Telegram is the way in which the company circumvented registering the sale of Gram tokens as a security with the regulator.
On Feb. 17, 2018, the firm filed for what is known as Form D, an application that absolves companies of the need to register their securities with the SEC. At first, this route might sound like a “get out of jail free” card for ambitious companies looking to launch with minimal interference from hawkish regulators. In reality, a Form D comes with its own set of restrictions.
Related: TON Gets Vote of Confidence: Investors Reject Refund Amid SEC Hearing Delay
Telegram filed under a 506(c), an exemption that permits companies to advertise and avoid SEC registration if securities are sold to accredited investors alone. Several months went by and it seemed as if Telegram had pulled it off. Investors eagerly awaited the Oct. 16 public token distribution.
However, on Oct. 11, the SEC stopped the TON project in its tracks with an emergency action and restraining order. The regulator claimed that no restrictions were put in place to prevent initial investors from reselling their newly acquired assets. For the SEC, this was a violation of the Form D route.
Despite the catastrophic timing, Telegram hit back at the SEC, disputing its findings and official position on the project’s initial round token sales. Investors apparently sided with Telegram by foregoing their right to an initial refund afforded to them within the private purchase agreement as well as by supporting a delay in the issuance of the tokens.
Battle for bank records
Although Telegram’s hearing was rescheduled for mid-February, it appears that the bell for the next round of the regulatory battle has been rung early. The SEC’s attempt to find misconduct in the firm’s $1.7 billion token sale has seen the regulator wrestling with the firm over the publication of its bank records.
According to a Jan. 13 filing with the District Court of the Southern District of New York, the firm has until Feb. 26 to hand over the bank records. A notable detail is that Telegram is allowed to redact the information given to the court according to foreign privacy legislation.
Philip Moustakis, a former senior counsel at the SEC and attorney with Seward and Kissel, explained to CryptoX that the SEC will scour the documents for evidence of the company’s “failing to exercise reasonable care to ensure that the purchasers were not acting as underwriters.”
A letter to the court from Pavel Durov’s attorneys states that Telegram agreed to provide the SEC with these records no later than Jan. 15. Legal disputes of a financial nature often involve requests to provide bank records. What’s unusual in Telegram’s saga with the SEC is that the regulator’s initial request to see the documents had been denied.
According to a Jan. 6 court order signed by Judge P. Kevin Caste, the New York court denied a request by the SEC to “compel the production of the defendant’s bank records.”
At the time, former federal enforcement attorney with Kansas City-based Kennyhertz Perry LLC Braden Perry explained to CryptoX that the court’s decision to deny the SEC’s request for Telegram’s bank records was an extremely unusual occurrence and worth taking note of:
“What it signals is that the court agrees, at least at this time, with Telegram in that the SEC brought a non-fraud case against them within essence one legal question: Did the offering of the Gram constitute a ‘security’ under the Howey Test. This case does not involve any allegations of fraud or that Defendants misrepresented how they would use the funds raised. The court is denying the typical massive scope of SEC discovery, which ordinarily involves vast financial requests.“
While the court may have denied the SEC’s initial request for the bank records, Perry explained to CryptoX that such a decision does not shut off access to information for the rest of the legal case and that regulator will be able to make repeated requests to gain access to the details that it thinks are relevant to the legal proceedings:
“From a judicial standpoint, Telegram had previously provided information related to the TON platform and the SEC’s request was likely considered just too broad because the SEC was seeking every bank record from Telegram reflecting every single transfer or payment to or from Telegram during the time of the private placement up until now. The judge denied it without prejudice, meaning the SEC could request that information again later.”
The struggle for Telegram’s bank records aside, the firm also issued a series of summaries about TON on the same day as the court’s initial ruling. Known for its secrecy, Telegram noted that it would not comment or acknowledge rumors about its products:
“Telegram has been careful not to speak publicly about these rumors while we continue to build the TON Blockchain platform and work out the exact details of the project to ensure that the TON Blockchain and Grams can operate in a way that is compliant with all relevant laws and regulations.”
In light of how widely spread Telegram’s user base is around the world, a review of bank records to individuals and political parties would need to be tailored for each individual country in order to comply with privacy laws. Perry unpacked the developments in a conversation with CryptoX:
“One of the reasons [Telegram] did not want to produce bank records, which are located abroad and reflect payments to non-U.S. parties and individuals, Telegram would have to conduct an extensive review and redaction process to comply with foreign data privacy laws. Telegram argued that the process is time-consuming and expensive and ultimately unnecessary given the limited relevance of the information sought.”
Telegram doubles down on security status
Throughout its legal fracas with the SEC, Telegram has maintained that Gram tokens are not a tool for investment. On Jan. 6, the firm once again publicly stated that its currency should not be associated with profit-seeking initiatives and that it was not designed for long-term holding.
This is particularly noteworthy in light of the company’s current circumstance as such a definition is usually applied to a security, a label the firm is trying to avoid being ascribed to its in-house token. Telegram maintained that Grams are designed to serve as a “medium of exchange” between users in the wider network, warning: “You should NOT expect any profits based on your purchase or holding of Grams, and Telegram makes no promises that you will make any profits.”
Telegram CEO’s legal deposition
Despite Telegram CEO’s penchant for operating outside of the limelight — a behavioral pattern mirrored by the company he founded — Pavel Durov has reportedly given a deposition along with two other Telegram employees.
According to a ruling by Judge Castel, the deposition should have taken place on either Jan. 7 or 8 in a location agreed upon by the two parties. For now, it seems that the information divulged by the Telegram CEO during the deposition is not going to be made public. Although yet unconfirmed, the court’s decision to overturn the denial of the SEC’s bank record request comes after Durov’s deposition was due to take place, implying that information given by the CEO could have led the court to change its mind.
Although the fact that Durov was not set to give the deposition on U.S. soil has drawn attention. Perry explained to CryptoX that such a development is not unheard of and shed light on the deposition procedure itself:
“Many cases, especially regulatory matters, involve overseas entities and parties this was a joint consent (agreed to by both parties) to allow the 30(b)(6) witnesses and Durov’s testimony to be held at a place convenient for the parties. This was likely negotiated stance where the Telegram would not object to the CEO’s testimony as long as it was at a place convenient for him. The deposition will not be in front of a judge but will be the parties to the matter and a court reporter. It is transcribed and can be used by the parties for a number of things, including discovery purposes and to tie down important information for a potential trial.”
